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John Demjanjuk (born Ivan Mykolaiovych Demianiuk; (ウクライナ語:Іван Миколайович Дем'янюк); 3 April 1920 – 17 March 2012) was a retired Ukrainian-American auto worker, a former soldier in the Soviet Red Army, and a POW during the Second World War. John (Ivan) Demjanjuk was convicted in 2011 in Germany as an accessory to the murder of 28,060 Jews while acting as a guard at the Sobibór extermination camp in occupied Poland.〔("Nazi war criminal John Demjanjuk dies aged 91" ) ''Daily Telegraph'' (17 March 2012)〕〔 Since his conviction was pending appeal at the time of his death,〔〔("Former Nazi guard John Demjanjuk to be buried in the United States" ), Haaretz (22 March 2012)〕〔("John Demjanjuk's body's burial site sparks fears of Nazi shrine in Cleveland suburb" ), ''Daily News'' (New York) (20 March 2012)〕 Demjanjuk remained innocent under German law, his conviction not having undergone the appeal judgment. According to the Munich state court, Demjanjuk does not have a criminal record.〔("Convicted Nazi criminal Demjanjuk deemed innocent in Germany over technicality" ), ''Haaretz''. Retrieved 23 March 2012, viz. statement by Munich state court spokeswoman Margarete Noetzel.〕 Demjanjuk was born in Ukraine, and during World War II was drafted into the Soviet Red Army, where he was captured as a German prisoner of war. In 1952, he emigrated from West Germany to the United States, and was granted citizenship in 1958 whereupon he formally anglicized his name from "Ivan" to "John". In 1986, he was deported to Israel to stand trial for war crimes, after being identified by eleven Holocaust survivors, many from Israel, as "Ivan the Terrible", a guard at the Treblinka extermination camp in Nazi occupied Poland. Demjanjuk was accused of committing murder and acts of extraordinarily savage violence against camp prisoners during 1942–43. He was convicted of having committed crimes against humanity and sentenced to death there in 1988. The verdict was overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court in 1993, based on new evidence that cast reasonable doubt over the identity of "Ivan the Terrible".〔Hedges, Chris (12 August 1993). ("Israel Recommends that Demjanjuk Be Released" ). ''The New York Times''〕 After the trial, in September 1993, Demjanjuk returned to his home in Ohio. In 1998, his citizenship was restored after a United States federal appeals court ruled that prosecutors had suppressed exculpatory evidence concerning his identity.〔Chu, Henry (18 March 2012). ("John Demjanjuk dies at 91; convicted Nazi death camp guard." ) ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved 21 March 2012.〕 In 2001, with new evidence, Demjanjuk was charged again, this time on the grounds that he had served as a guard named Ivan Demjanjuk at the Sobibor and Majdanek camps in Nazi occupied Poland and at the Flossenbürg camp in Germany; separate documents were found in archives from each respective camp. Demjanjuk became again a stateless person in 2002 (until his death in 2012).〔〔〔("Demjanjuk Lands in Munich" ), ''Der Spiegel'' (5 December 2009)〕 His deportation was again ordered in 2005, but after exhausting his appeals in 2008 he still remained in the United States, as no country would agree to accept him at that time. On 2 April 2009, Germany announced that Demjanjuk would be deported to Germany, where he would stand trial. On 11 May, Demjanjuk left his Cleveland home by ambulance, and was taken to the airport, where he was deported by plane, arriving in Germany the next morning.〔(Demjanjuk en route to Germany ). United Press International. 11 May 2009〕〔Kulish, Nicholas (12 May 2009) (Accused Nazi Arrives in Munich ). ''The New York Times''〕 On 13 July, he was formally charged with 27,900 counts of acting as an accessory to murder, one for each person who died at Sobibor during the time he was alleged to have served as a guard. On 30 November, Demjanjuk's trial began in Munich. On 12 May 2011, Demjanjuk was convicted pending appeal by an ordinary German criminal court as an accessory to the murder of 27,900 Jews at Sobibor and sentenced to five years in prison. The interim conviction was later annulled, because Demjanjuk died before his appeal could be heard.〔Aderet, Ofert. News Article. HAARETZ. Convicted Nazi criminal Demjanjuk deemed innocent in Germany over technicality. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/convicted-nazi-criminal-demjanjuk-deemed-innocent-in-germany-over-technicality-1.420280〕 After the conviction, he was released pending trial and final verdict by the German Appellate Court. He lived at a German nursing home in Bad Feilnbach, where he died on 17 March 2012.〔McFadden Robert. News Article in New York Times. 17 March 2012. John Demjanjuk, 91, Dogged by Charges of Atrocities as Nazi Camp Guard, Dies. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/world/europe/john-demjanjuk-nazi-guard-dies-at-91.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0〕 Despite decades of legal wrangling and controversy, Demjanjuk died a free man and technically legally innocent until his appeal was heard.〔Aderet, Ofer. Haartz Israeli News. News article 23 March 2012. Convicted Nazi criminal Demjanjuk deemed, innocent in Germany over technicality. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/convicted-nazi-criminal-demjanjuk-deemed-innocent-in-germany-over-technicality-1.420280〕〔The Times of Israel. News article. Court rejects appeal for Demjanjuk citizens. 13 September 2012. http://www.timesofisrael.com/court-rejects-appeal-for-demjanjuk-citizenship/〕 ==Background and Holocaust involvement== Demjanjuk was born in Dubovi Makharyntsi,〔formerly Kiev Governorate, presently Koziatyn district, Vinnytsia Oblast〕 Ukraine, a farming village, and grew up during the man-made famine called the Holodomor.〔Raab, Scott. (19 March 2012). ("John Demjanjuk: Things We Are Left to Tend to Think" ). ''Esquire''. Retrieved 25 April 2012 from:〕 When Demjanjuk was convicted in 2011 his son claimed, in an email to Associated Press, "My dad is a survivor of the genocide famine in Ukraine. "〔 When interviewed in late December 2009, residents of Dubovi Makharyntsi declared that Demjanjuk got along well with the Jewish families living nearby.〔(Anger simmers in Demjanjuk's home village ), The Local (20 December 2009)〕 Before joining the Soviet army, Demjanjuk worked as a tractor driver on a Soviet collective farm. In 1941, after Germany's attack on Soviet-occupied Poland, Demjanjuk was drafted into the Red Army. After a battle in Eastern Crimea he was captured and became a German prisoner of war (POW) and was moved to a Nazi German concentration camp for Soviet POWs. See: Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs. He survived the ordeal, and volunteered to be sent to the Trawniki concentration camp division utilized for the training Hiwi guards recruited from Soviet POWs, later allegedly serving in Majdanek, Sobibor and Flossenbürg Nazi camps, and during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Demjanjuk claims that, in early 1945, he joined the Russian Liberation Army (Russian: Russkaya osvoboditel'naya armiya, Русская освободительная армия, abbreviated in Cyrillic as РОА, in Latin as ROA, also known as the Vlasov army), led by Andrey Vlasov, which was organized by Nazi Germany to fight against the Soviet Red Army.〔Rosenbach, Marcel (18 November 2008). (Sixty Years Later, Alleged Nazi Guard May Stand Trial ). ''Der Spiegel.''〕 Many Soviet prisoners of war volunteered to serve under the Nazi command in order to get out of the POW camps, where 2.8 million Soviet POWs died through starvation, exposure, and summary execution.〔(Case Study: Soviet Prisoners-of-War (POWs), 1941–42 )〕 Such non-German volunteers that served in Germany's foreign legions were referred to by the German command as Freiwillige. the German word for volunteer, and also as Hilfswilliger, literally one willing to help, often shortened to Hiwi, in auxiliary non-combat paramilitary and civilian capacities. According to Allied general Lt. Gen. Wladyslaw Anders, by 1942, there were about a million such volunteers from the USSR alone, many of whom opposed the oppressive Soviet regime, or the domination of the Soviet regime in their homelands. Demjanjuk, his wife and their child arrived in New York City aboard the on 9 February 1952.〔 On 14 November 1958, Demjanjuk became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He and his wife, whom he met in a displaced persons' camp, moved to Indiana with their daughter and then to the Cleveland suburb of Seven Hills, where Demjanjuk became a UAW diesel engine mechanic at the nearby Ford auto plant. Demjanjuk and his wife later had two more children. In 1975, Michael Hanusiak, editor of the Ukrainian News, presented a list of ethnic Ukrainians living in the United States suspected of collaborating with Germans in World War II to what was then the US Immigration and Naturalization Service; Demjanjuk's name was on that list.〔Semotuik, Andrij A. (21 March 2012) ("In memory of John Demjanjuk" ). ''Kyiv Post''〕 Soviet newspapers and archives had provided the names during Hanusiak's visit to the Soviet Union in 1974.〔''The Ukrainian Weekly'', Sunday, 2 August 1987, "In 1975 Michael Hanusiak provided the INS with 73 names that he obtained from Soviet newspaper editors and archival sources while visiting the Soviet Union in 1974."〕 Hanusiak also handed over a purported copy of a Nazi ID card issued to Demjanjuk at Trawniki.〔 In August 1977, the Justice Department submitted a request to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio that Demjanjuk's citizenship be revoked on the basis that he had allegedly concealed his involvement with Nazi death camps on his immigration application in 1951. The request followed a lengthy investigation by the INS after Demjanjuk was identified by five Holocaust survivors on a photo spread used in the investigation of Feodor Fedorenko, a Treblinka concentration camp guard. Fedorenko was later extradited to the USSR on his admission that he was such a guard and that he lied on his US immigration applications. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Demjanjuk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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